Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin secretion or impaired insulin action, leading to disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. In recent years, the prevalence of diabetes in Türkiye has significantly increased, posing a major public health concern and under-scoring the need for early diagnosis and effective perioperative management. In the pre-operative period, diabetic patients require thorough evaluation to identify comorbidities, optimize glycemic control, and reduce the risk of perioperative complications. Key anesthetic considerations include assessing cardiovascular and renal status, evaluating for autonomic neuropathy, and determining the presence of delayed gastric emptying, which may influence airway management. Pre-operative optimization involves maintaining blood glucose within the recommended target range, adjusting or withholding oral hypoglycemic agents, and transitioning to intravenous insulin infusion if necessary. This review focuses on the principles of anesthesia management in diabetic patients, emphasizing pre-operative assessment, intraoperative glycemic control, and post-operative monitoring to improve surgical outcomes.