INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), an enveloped RNA virus with a diameter of 27-32 nm, is classified within the Hepatovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, primarily transmitting through the fecal-oral route. This virus can cause a range of clinical presentations from asymptomatic infections to severe conditions such as fulminant hepatitis (1). Given its public health significance, vaccination against hepatitis A is advocated for individuals at increased risk, including travelers to endemic regions, military and diplomatic personnel, and those working in high-risk settings such as healthcare and food service sectors (2).

The global burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant public health challenge, with over 257 million carriers worldwide and nearly 887,000 deaths annually from complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV transmission primarily occurs through contact with infected bodily fluids, highlighting the increased risk faced by healthcare workers. The introduction of vaccination and prophylactic measures post-exposure has substantially reduced HBV infection rates among healthcare professionals (3). In response, Turkey launched a national hepatitis B vaccination program in 1998 targeting newborns and individuals at high risk, with the objective of curtailing the spread of HBV (4).

In addition, the Turkish Ministry of Health incorporated the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine into the national vaccination schedule in 2006, further underscoring the commitment to controlling vaccine-preventable diseases. The advisory board’s recommendation for an additional measles-containing vaccine dose for children in regions prone to outbreaks reflects ongoing efforts to enhance immunization coverage and public health outcomes (5).

This study aimed to assess the immunity status of healthcare workers against certain vaccine-preventable diseases and to explore factors influencing vaccine efficacy. The importance of this research lies in its potential to inform strategies for improving vaccination coverage among healthcare workers, thereby enhancing their protection against infectious diseases and contributing to broader public health goals.

METHODS

Design and Participant Selection

Employing a retrospective and cross-sectional approach, our analysis encompasses data from 865 healthcare workers who underwent periodic examinations at the institutional outpatient clinic of Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Following the acquisition of ethical approval, informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study measured the levels of anti-hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin G (anti-HAV IgG), hepatitis B surface antibody  (anti-HBs), anti-Rubeola IgG, anti-Rubella IgG, and anti-Mumps IgG among consenting healthcare workers during their routine periodic health assessments. Ethical approval was obtained from the İstanbul Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee (approval number: E-48670771-514.10, date: 09.04.2021). The study was conducted in line with the principles of the “Helsinki Declaration”.

Methodology

The evaluation of antibody levels involved comparison with predefined reference values to determine the immune status of the participants. Healthcare workers with antibody levels below these reference benchmarks underwent subsequent re-evaluation of their vaccination status and control antibody levels during their subsequent periodic examination. Additionally, the study incorporated demographic information of the participants, including gender, age, education level, blood group, known diseases, occupation, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Demographic data were retrieved from archived recruitment and periodic examination forms.

Statistical Analysis

The SPSS 26 software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 26) facilitated our statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics calculated for numerical data included mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation values, whereas categorical data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Comparative analyses of qualitative data were conducted using the chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05.

RESULTS

Participant demographics revealed an average age of 29.72±8.29 years, with 64.74% (n=560) identifying as female, 35.26% (n=305) as male, and a majority, 74.57% (n=645), holding university degrees. Among these, 35.84% (n=310) were physicians, predominantly working in internal medicine, accounting for 58.5% (n=506) of the cohort (Table 1).

Investigation into hepatitis markers showed that 99.54% (n=861) of participants were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), whereas 92.95% (n=804) exhibited positivity for anti-HBs antibodies. Additionally, the presence of antibodies against Rubella, Rubeola, and Mumps was notably high, exceeding 90% for each (n=835, n=804, and n=808, respectively), contrasting with a 56.76% (n=491) positivity rate for anti-HAV IgG (Table 2).

Of the 865 healthcare workers studied, 413 (47.74%) had positive antibody tests. Institutional vaccination was provided to 22.89% (n=198) of the participants, culminating in the administration of 249 vaccines, with hepatitis A vaccines constituting 61% (n=152) of these immunization (Table 3).

A detailed analysis of the distribution of anti-HBs antibodies indicated a significantly higher positivity among female healthcare workers than among their male counterparts. The rate of anti-HBs positivity also escalated with higher educational attainment and was particularly elevated among doctors and nurses compared with other professional groups. Employees in internal and surgical departments similarly showcased greater antibody positivity rates than those in other areas (p<0.05) (Table 4).

Conversely, anti-HAV IgG positivity was statistically lower in females than in males, with those having primary education showing higher positivity rates than individuals with secondary or higher education levels. Workers in surgical departments exhibited lower anti-HAV IgG positivity than colleagues in other specialties (p<0.05) (Table 5).

No significant differences were observed in the sociodemographic and occupational profiles of participants when correlated with anti-Rubella and anti-rubeola IgG outcomes (p>0.05). However, the anti-mumps IgG positivity rate was significantly lower among nurses than in other professional groups (p<0.05). Additionally, no discernible relationship was established between the Rh blood groups of the healthcare workers and their antigen-antibody statuses (p>0.05).

DISCUSSION

The transmission risk of HBV, a critical blood-borne pathogen in healthcare settings, to healthcare workers post-exposure to fluids from HBsAg-positive patients is estimated to be between 5% and 30% (6). The primary revelation of this study was the high anti-HBs positivity rate of 92.95% among participants, with only 0.46% testing positive for HBsAg. Our institution vaccinated 39 individuals against hepatitis B, achieving adequate antibody formation in all cases.

Comparatively, anti-HBs positivity rates in prior Turkish studies were lower: 63.8% as reported by Tekin and Deveci (7), 68.4% by Uzun et al. (8), and 75.7% by Öksüz et al. (9). The elevated rates observed in our study may be attributed to the predominance of doctors in our sample and the increasing awareness and accessibility to hepatitis B vaccination over the years. Notably, anti-HBs positivity correlated with educational attainment, being highest among physicians and nurses, indicating an educational influence on vaccine uptake, consistent with findings by Ciliz et al. (10) and Apaydın et al. (11).

Regarding HAV, known as the leading agent of acute viral hepatitis globally, transmitted through contact with infected individuals or contaminated resources (12), our findings showed a 56.76% seropositivity for anti-HAV IgG. This was lower than the seropositivity rates found in other Turkish studies, potentially due to reduced exposure risks in İstanbul’s urban setting. Köse and Temoçin (13) and Apaydın et al. (11) reported varying seropositivity rates, reflecting the impact of socioeconomic status, hygiene practices, and demographic factors on HAV exposure.

Healthcare workers’ risk of droplet-transmitted infections, in addition to fluid-borne diseases, underscores the importance of vaccinations for this group. Our study found a 92.95% anti-Rubeola IgG positivity rate among healthcare workers, with no significant differences across sociodemographic or occupational characteristics (p>0.05). The history of measles vaccination in Turkey and the recent surge in cases highlight the critical need for ongoing vaccination efforts among healthcare professionals to prevent potential nosocomial outbreaks (14,15).

The retrospective and cross-sectional design of this study introduces potential biases, including recall bias, and may limit the ability to establish causality. The specific focus on healthcare workers and the high prevalence of vaccinated physicians may also affect the generalizability of our findings.

The results emphasize the importance of educational level and professional status in influencing vaccination rates and immunity levels among healthcare workers. Our findings align with previous research, suggesting that targeted vaccination strategies are essential for protecting healthcare workers and their patients from vaccine-preventable diseases.

CONCLUSION

The study indicates that while immunity against HBV is high among healthcare workers, hepatitis A immunity levels are concerningly low, highlighting the need for increased vaccination efforts. The hepatitis B vaccine was the most frequently administered vaccine among the healthcare workers surveyed. These findings underscore the necessity of enhanced vaccination strategies to bolster healthcare workers’ immunity and curb disease transmission. Further randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these results and address the identified gaps in vaccination coverage and immunity.

Ethics

Ethics Committee Approval: Ethical approval was obtained from the İstanbul Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee (approval number: E-48670771-514.10, date: 09.04.2021).

Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Authorship Contributions

Surgical and Medical Practices: S.A., Concept: B.E., S.A., Design: B.E., S.A., Data Collection or Processing: S.A., Analysis or Interpretation: F.E., N.Ç.A., Literature Search: B.E., F.E., N.Ç.A., Writing: F.E., N.Ç.A.

Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.